
The Golden Age: A Brief History of the Art of Gilding

“It is as good as gold.” From its earliest discovery, to its treasured modern elegance, gold has seduced and dazzled the eye of man. The precious metal has reflected wealth and stature throughout the ages. The art of metal gilding and gold leaf has coated the palaces of empires long ago and continues to decorate the homes of today.
According to the American Society of Gilders, “gilding is the application of thin sheets of beaten metal (usually gold) to a solid surface as a means of decoration.” Throughout its ancient history, gilding has been applied to statues, stone, marble and bronze, to temple walls, vaults and palace ceilings. It has adorned leather, paper and porcelain, intricate wooden frames, and furnishings of all varieties. Even manuscripts, at the dawn of literacy, were decorated with such finery. As methods and techniques have been invented to make the ordinary shine with opulence, the beautiful illusion remains the same today. It lies near the surface.The use of gilding is thought to be at least 5,000 years old, placing the time of origin around the third millennium B.C., in the Mesopotamian region. The furniture and throne rooms of the Egyptian Pharaohs were highly decorated with precious metals. They even had their tombs and sarcophagi adorned with gold leaf. Early evidence is found in hieroglyphic paintings that depict artisans and goldsmiths hammering out gold into thin sheets. Through these techniques, the E
gyptians mastered the art of beating gold in order to prolong its use. They combined the malleable gold with other metals, to strengthen it, to change its color. They began to experiment.
The Greeks continued the progression of gold leafing, improving upon the Egyptian techniques. They employed the golden art to decorate their temples and huge statues erected in honor of their gods. Soon the methods would be handed to the Romans. The first ceiling gold leaf was applied to in Rome was its very Capitol. The famed historian Pliny the Elder recorded the earliest documentation of this gilding. He noted that “luxury advanced on them (Rome) so rapidly that in very little time you might see all, even private and poor people, gild the walls, vaults, and other parts of their dwellings.”
In regards to methodology, the first, primitive techniques of gilding consisted of beating small amounts of gold as thin as possible. These micro thin layers would then be molded and wrapped tightly around an object made from a less expensive material such as metal or wood. No alloying, bonding or chemical processes were involved. Basically, the leafing had to hold itself together, much
like tin foil. This early form of “mechanical gilding” is called “foil gilding.”
Soon improvements in the gilding process were discovered. First, the gold sheets would be overlapped and the edges burnished together. This allowed the gilding to remain intact. As technology and tools advanced in the ancient world, the gold leaf began to get thinner and thinner. Slots were then made in the sides of the surface material, the gold leaf inserted, and then wrapped. Once the leaf was tightly molded, the slots would be hammered shut. Finally, adhesives were discovered. This would ultimately allow for a more substantial support for the thin layer of gold.
Today, the beauty of gold leafing and precious metal gilding is still alive and well. Although new and more advanced ways of gilding present themselves, many of the ancient methods are still practiced. Many a dome, vault, or valued piece of furniture continue to be leafed, revealing a new and golden illumination.
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